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A Coupled Heat Salt And Water Balance Model Of Evaporation And Stratification In Saline Terminal Lakes
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Book Synopsis A Coupled Heat, Salt and Water Balance Model of Evaporation and Stratification in Saline Terminal Lakes by : Atul Salhotra
Download or read book A Coupled Heat, Salt and Water Balance Model of Evaporation and Stratification in Saline Terminal Lakes written by Atul Salhotra and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stratified Flows written by E. John List and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Report - Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology by : Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hydrodynamics Laboratory
Download or read book Report - Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology written by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hydrodynamics Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1986-04 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydraulic Engineering by : Robert M. Ragan
Download or read book Hydraulic Engineering written by Robert M. Ragan and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaporation Rates from Temperature-stratified Saline Lakes Using a One-dimensional Integrated Evaporation Methodology by : Ben Jei Tsuang
Download or read book Evaporation Rates from Temperature-stratified Saline Lakes Using a One-dimensional Integrated Evaporation Methodology written by Ben Jei Tsuang and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Salinity on Evaporation by : Guy Earl Harbeck
Download or read book The Effect of Salinity on Evaporation written by Guy Earl Harbeck and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Evaporative Drivers and Hydrologic Influences Using Energy and Water Budget Techniques at a Shallow Saline Lake in the Western Sandhills of Nebraska, USA by : Colin S. Peake
Download or read book Evaluation of Evaporative Drivers and Hydrologic Influences Using Energy and Water Budget Techniques at a Shallow Saline Lake in the Western Sandhills of Nebraska, USA written by Colin S. Peake and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The western Sandhills of Nebraska contain many shallow lakes and wetlands that interact strongly with groundwater and the overlying atmosphere. The region is semi-arid, and most of the lakes are saline, supporting a wide range of ecosystems. Water levels and salt concentrations are highly sensitive to variations in precipitation, evaporation, and groundwater fluxes, making the Sandhills an excellent laboratory for examining the effects of climate on the water balance of interdunal lakes. In this study, we investigate the atmospheric controls on evaporation rates, as well as the water balance of Alkali Lake, one of the more saline lakes in the western Sandhills. The Bowen ratio energy balance and mass-transfer methods are applied over a three-year period (2007-2009) to quantify summer evaporation rates. Daily evaporation is found to vary widely, but averages around 5-6 mm/day during the summer. Evaporation rates are largely controlled by solar radiation on a seasonal basis and by variations in wind and vapor pressure gradient at shorter timescales. Adjustments for salinity affected the mass transfer method more than the energy budget method, with a root mean squared error of 0.49 mm/day, but only 0.09 mm/day for the energy budget method. Evaporation dominated the water balance during the summer months, exceeding precipitation by a factor of 3.2, on average. The lake water balance also indicates that evaporation exceeds the sum of all water inputs during summer months, causing lake levels to decrease in summer (but rebound during the winter). Net groundwater inflow is the largest source of water into the lake and averages 2.5 mm/day. Occasional negative net groundwater values indicate complex interactions between the coupled lake and groundwater systems. Lake reactions to precipitation inputs suggest that short term groundwater flow reversals are possible.
Book Synopsis The Dead Sea and Its Surroundings by : V. Arad
Download or read book The Dead Sea and Its Surroundings written by V. Arad and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Potential Effects of Global Climate Warming on the Salinity of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and on the Sizing of Surface Water Projects by : John A. Dracup
Download or read book Potential Effects of Global Climate Warming on the Salinity of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and on the Sizing of Surface Water Projects written by John A. Dracup and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaporation Rates from Temperature-stratified Saline Lakes Using a One-dimensional Integrated Evaporation Methodology by : Ben J. Tsuang
Download or read book Evaporation Rates from Temperature-stratified Saline Lakes Using a One-dimensional Integrated Evaporation Methodology written by Ben J. Tsuang and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Lumped Modeling of Laurentian Great Lakes Evaporation, Heat Storage, and Energy Fluxes for Forecasting and Simulation by : Thomas E. Croley
Download or read book Lumped Modeling of Laurentian Great Lakes Evaporation, Heat Storage, and Energy Fluxes for Forecasting and Simulation written by Thomas E. Croley and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lake evaporation for the Laurentian Great Lakes is of the same order of magnitude as precipitation and runoff to the lakes and its estimation is important for simulations and forecasts of lake levels. Water or energy balance estimates of Great Lakes evaporation require storage-change data, not available in simulations or forecasts, and errors in the components of the balances are summed in the residual, giving large estimation errors for evaporation. Evaporation models, which use the aerodynamic equation with mass transfer coefficients developed originally in the Lake Hefner studies, were further developed for Lake Ontario during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes and adapted for other Great Lakes. Neither these models nor the balance models can be verified since independent estimates of evaporation are not available with sufficient accuracy. However, surface temperatures are available and can be used as verification data. The mass transfer coefficient research (where water surface temperatures must be known) is combined here with lumped model concepts of classical energy conservation and superposition heat storage to provide continuous simulation capability of both water surface temperatures and lake evaporation for use in outlooks and forecasts of lake levels. A new function is presented that uses a simple relation between surface temperature and heat stored in a lake based on current understandings of the thermal structure of large lakes. Calibration of the resulting model matches the water surface temperatures for those Great Lakes and small Lake St. Clair with satellite observations of water surface temperatures over the past 20 years. Evaporation and heat budgets over the annual cycle are presented for four of the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair, and comparisons with long-term water balances are made.
Book Synopsis Water and Salt Management Strategies in a Closed Drainage Basin by :
Download or read book Water and Salt Management Strategies in a Closed Drainage Basin written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Salinity and Hydrology of Closed Lakes by : Walter Basil Langbein
Download or read book Salinity and Hydrology of Closed Lakes written by Walter Basil Langbein and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the long-term balance between input and loss of salts in closed lakes.
Book Synopsis A Multi-component Chemistry-based Model for the Dead Sea by : Ittai Gavrieli
Download or read book A Multi-component Chemistry-based Model for the Dead Sea written by Ittai Gavrieli and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Parameter Estimation of Coupled Water and Energy Balance Models Based on Stationarity Constraints of Soil Moisture and Temperature by : Jian Sun
Download or read book Parameter Estimation of Coupled Water and Energy Balance Models Based on Stationarity Constraints of Soil Moisture and Temperature written by Jian Sun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: A new method is developed for estimating the parameters of land surface water and energy balance models through enforcement of stationary constraints on soil moisture and temperature. Through conditional averaging of the water balance equation with respect to soil moisture and the energy balance equation with respect to surface temperature, a measure of stationarity is derived that approximates the errors present in predicted fluxes (e.g. evaporation, runoff, sensible heat, ground conduction) in terms of measured model inputs (e.g. precipitation, radiation, soil moisture and temperature). Minimization of the approximated error yields estimates of model parameters. The approach is distinct from traditional model calibration because the minimized error term does not depend on measurements of the predicted fluxes. This proposed method is applied to a land surface water and energy balance model similar to those used in global climate models. The approach is tested at two Ameriflux sites with continuous in-situ measurements of soil moisture, temperature, radiation, and surface turbulent fluxes (evapotranspiration and sensible heat). Fluxes estimated with the proposed method match field measurements approximately as well as those estimated by traditional calibration. Replacing the in-situ land surface temperature and soil moisture with estimates retrieved from satellite leads to minimal degradation of model performance. Sensitivity analysis at these sites demonstrates that increasing model complexity does not improve performance. With promising results from testing the approach at these field sites, the method is applied to estimate evapotranspiration over the Southern Great Plains region of North America. In this test, archived meteorological data and remotely sensed moisture and temperature are used to force the model. The spatial pattern of estimated mean annual evapotranspiration is in good agreement (RMSE of 8 Wm-2 , R 2 of 0.75) with published estimates derived from measured precipitation and streamflow. Estimated parameters are reasonably distributed and consistent with climate and vegetation patterns over the region. Because there are so few sites on earth where surface turbulent fluxes are measured, the proposed approach is more widely applicable than traditional calibration methods, and thus could be used, with satellite data, to estimate maps of land surface parameters required by global climate models.
Book Synopsis Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of Saline Water by : Naef A. A. Qasem
Download or read book Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of Saline Water written by Naef A. A. Qasem and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-22 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book accommodates the existing correlations, data, and methods for thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of saline water, including multiple components at a wide range of salinity (reaching around 200 g/kg), temperature, and pressure. The correlations of each property are plotted against existing experimental data to judge the comparative accuracy of each within a given specific range of salinity, temperature, and pressure. An assessment to recommend some correlations is also conducted. New correlations for some properties are also proposed. This book helps to provide the saline water properties as needed for engineers, designers, and research for different areas, including desalination and water treatment. All the analytical analysis, thermodynamic analysis, and design models of the desalination technologies depend on saline water properties. As scientists and researchers working on different desalination technologies, the authors found it difficult to find all saline water properties in one source, including multicomponent and binary salty solutions, under different conditions (salinity, temperature, and pressure). Therefore, the authors introduce this book to fill the gap in the open literature. This book compiles the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of saline water, involving thermodynamic approaches, multicomponent models, and simple correlations and data, comparison between the correlations of properties in figures, recommendation of the most accurate correlations and methods, and the used codes to estimate these correlations and methods. It is expected that this book to be a principal source for all interests in desalination and water treatment subjects.
Book Synopsis Modeling Thermal Stratification Effects in Lakes and Reservoirs by : Scott A. Wells
Download or read book Modeling Thermal Stratification Effects in Lakes and Reservoirs written by Scott A. Wells and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brief overview of characteristics of stratified water bodies is followed by an in-depth analysis of the governing equations for modeling hydrodynamics and water quality. Equations are presented for continuity or the fluid mass balance; x-momentum, y-momentum, and z-momentum equations; mass constituent balance equation; the heat balance equation for temperature; and the equation of state (relating density to temperature and concentration of dissolved and suspended solids). Additional equations and simplifications such as the water surface equation and changes to the pressure gradient term are shown. Many of the assumptions that are made in water quality models are discussed and shown. Typical water quality source-sink terms for temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, and nutrients are listed. A summary of some typical water quality models for lakes and reservoirs is shown. Two case studies showing how models can predict temperature and dissolved oxygen dynamics in stratified reservoirs are shown. The brief summary looks at ways to improve water quality and hydrodynamic models of lakes and reservoirs.
