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A Comparative Study On The Environmental Impact Of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems Using Low Gwp Refrigerants
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Book Synopsis A Comparative Study on the Environmental Impact of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems Using Low GWP Refrigerants by :
Download or read book A Comparative Study on the Environmental Impact of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems Using Low GWP Refrigerants written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supermarket refrigeration systems have high environmental impact due to their large refrigerant charge and high leak rates. Consequently, the interest in using low GWP refrigerants such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and new refrigerant blends is increasing. In this study, an open-source Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) framework is presented and used to compare the environmental impact of four supermarket refrigeration systems: a transcritical CO2 booster system, a cascade CO2/N-40 system, a combined secondary circuit with central DX N-40/L-40 system, and a baseline multiplex direct expansion system utilizing R-404A and N-40. The study is performed for different climates within the USA using EnergyPlus to simulate the systems' hourly performance. Finally, further analyses are presented such as parametric, sensitivity, and uncertainty analyses to study the impact of different system parameters on the LCCP.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Retail Refrigeration by : Judith A. Evans
Download or read book Sustainable Retail Refrigeration written by Judith A. Evans and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon emissions from the retail segment of the food cold chain are relatively high compared to other parts of the food cold chain. Studies have also shown that food temperature is less well controlled at the retail and consumer end of the cold chain. There is therefore considerable potential to optimize performance of refrigerated display cabinets and the refrigeration systems that are used to operate them to reduce carbon emissions and to improve food temperature control. Sustainable Retail Refrigeration draws together world experts on retail refrigeration. In a single resource, the authors cover the latest technologies and best current knowledge in the field. With increasing concerns about energy use and global warming gasses, retailers are increasingly being called to account for their actions. Sustainable Retail Refrigeration is a valuable reference to manufacturers, managers and policy makers, incorporating both a design and an operational perspective.
Book Synopsis Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems by :
Download or read book Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents energy and life cycle climate performance (LCCP) analyses of a variety of supermarket refrigeration systems to identify designs that exhibit low environmental impact and high energy efficiency. EnergyPlus was used to model refrigeration systems in a variety of climate zones across the United States. The refrigeration systems that were modeled include the traditional multiplex DX system, cascade systems with secondary loops and the transcritical CO2 system. Furthermore, a variety of refrigerants were investigated, including R-32, R-134a, R-404A, R-1234yf, R-717, and R-744. LCCP analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the operation of the various refrigeration systems over their lifetimes. Our analysis revealed that high-efficiency supermarket refrigeration systems may result in up to 44% less energy consumption and 78% reduced carbon dioxide emissions compared to the baseline multiplex DX system. This is an encouraging result for legislators, policy makers and supermarket owners to select low emission, high-efficiency commercial refrigeration system designs for future retrofit and new projects.
Book Synopsis CO2 Refrigeration Cycle and Systems by : Xin-Rong Zhang
Download or read book CO2 Refrigeration Cycle and Systems written by Xin-Rong Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-05 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the fundamentals and applications of carbon dioxide vapor compression refrigeration thermodynamic cycles. In particular, it presents new application areas, such as making ice and snow in the Winter Olympic Games, food cooling and refrigeration. The book explores the physical and chemical characteristics of CO2 fluid, and the unique traits of its thermodynamic cycle. The contributors explain how CO2 refrigeration is a developing, eco-friendly technology, and emphasize its importance for refrigeration and air-conditioning in the current and future market. This book is a valuable source of information for researchers, engineers and policy makers looking to expand their applicable knowledge of high-potential refrigeration technology using carbon dioxide. It is also of interest to postgraduate students and practitioners looking for an academic insight into the industry’s latest eco-friendly technologies.
Book Synopsis Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids by : Alina Adriana Minea
Download or read book Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids written by Alina Adriana Minea and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat transfer enhancement has seen rapid development and widespread use in both conventional and emerging technologies. Improvement of heat transfer fluids requires a balance between experimental and numerical work in nanofluids and new refrigerants. Recognizing the uncertainties in development of new heat transfer fluids, Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids: From Numerical to Experimental Techniques contains both theoretical and practical coverage.
Book Synopsis Advances in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration by : Maddali Ramgopal
Download or read book Advances in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration written by Maddali Ramgopal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-10 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents selected peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference on Recent Advancements in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (RAAR) 2019. The focus is on current research in a very topical area of HVAC technology, which has wide-ranging applications. The topics covered include modern air conditioning and refrigeration practices, environment-friendly refrigerants, high-performance components, computer-assisted design, manufacture, operations and data management, energy-efficient buildings, and application of solar energy to heating and air conditioning. This book is useful for researchers and industry professionals working in the field of heating, air conditioning and refrigeration.
Book Synopsis Impact on Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation by Switching of Refrigerants in Small Scale Commercial Refrigeration Units by : Anant Wadhwa
Download or read book Impact on Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation by Switching of Refrigerants in Small Scale Commercial Refrigeration Units written by Anant Wadhwa and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Engineering - Power Engineering, , language: English, abstract: World population has reached 7 billion people in 2013 and there has been an increase in energy consumption, especially in emerging countries. In 2050 it will be more than 9 billion people living on the planet. Because of this, there has been a rapid increase in CO2 concentration levels, so the average planet temperature is rising, causing a greenhouse effect, as the CO2 is trapping in the heat and not releasing it. Consequently, ocean levels are rising, because of the shrinking polar ice caps. We also have seen an increase in the frequency of extreme atmosphere events around the globe. The refrigeration industry has contributed a lot to the global ozone depletion and global warming. To reduce the environmental impact by the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration industry – both commercial and domestic – there is an urgent need to look for solutions that are both ozone friendly and CO2 friendly (greenhouse effect friendly). Eradicating the damage to the environment has encouraged the industrial and commercial refrigeration industry to investigate refrigerant alternatives that reduce the environmental impact although a good transition to them will also depend on the training that technicians acquire, as well as the understanding of the current and future benefits for the companies and the end users. This thesis aims at such a system which is both above mentioned. Once such a system is designed, it is of the utmost importance to test it and compare it with the systems that are being used currently to assess the benefits of using such system. The thesis has a focus on the liquid cooling systems such as water coolers and small commercial systems that help attain cooling of the liquids to a set temperature. In this thesis, the improvement of energy consumption and environmental degradation prevention is attained by switching the refrigerant used from R134a (current) to R290 (Propane) which is a natural refrigerant and Hydro Carbon Blend which is a mixture of refrigerants but is safer and environmentally friendlier. A comparison of both systems is done against the current system in terms of efficiency, energy consumption and chemical properties with respect to global warming potential and ozone depletion potential and ultimately proven that natural refrigerants and HC Blends are the refrigerants of the future.
Book Synopsis High Efficiency, Low Emission Refrigeration System by :
Download or read book High Efficiency, Low Emission Refrigeration System written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supermarket refrigeration systems account for approximately 50% of supermarket energy use, placing this class of equipment among the highest energy consumers in the commercial building domain. In addition, the commonly used refrigeration system in supermarket applications is the multiplex direct expansion (DX) system, which is prone to refrigerant leaks due to its long lengths of refrigerant piping. This leakage reduces the efficiency of the system and increases the impact of the system on the environment. The high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants commonly used in these systems, coupled with the large refrigerant charge and the high refrigerant leakage rates leads to significant direct emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Methods for reducing refrigerant leakage and energy consumption are available, but underutilized. Further work needs to be done to reduce costs of advanced system designs to improve market utilization. In addition, refrigeration system retrofits that result in reduced energy consumption are needed since the majority of applications address retrofits rather than new stores. The retrofit market is also of most concern since it involves large-volume refrigerant systems with high leak rates. Finally, alternative refrigerants for new and retrofit applications are needed to reduce emissions and reduce the impact on the environment. The objective of this Collaborative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Hill Phoenix is to develop a supermarket refrigeration system that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and has 25 to 30 percent lower energy consumption than existing systems. The outcomes of this project will include the design of a low emission, high efficiency commercial refrigeration system suitable for use in current U.S. supermarkets. In addition, a prototype low emission, high efficiency supermarket refrigeration system will be produced for laboratory and field testing. Laboratory and field testing will demonstrate the high energy efficiency and low environmental impact of the refrigeration system developed in this project.
Book Synopsis Low-GWP Commercial Refrigeration Feasibility and Cost-benefit Engineering Evaluation by : A. S. (Ed) Cheng
Download or read book Low-GWP Commercial Refrigeration Feasibility and Cost-benefit Engineering Evaluation written by A. S. (Ed) Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Progress in Exergy, Energy, and the Environment by : Ibrahim Dincer
Download or read book Progress in Exergy, Energy, and the Environment written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-17 with total page 1055 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thorough and highly relevant volume examines exergy, energy and the environment in the context of energy systems and applications and as a potential tool for design, analysis, optimization. It further considers their role in minimizing and/or eliminating environmental impacts and providing for sustainable development. In this regard, several key topics ranging from the basics of the thermodynamic concepts to advanced exergy analysis techniques in a wide range of applications are covered.
Book Synopsis Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps by : Fabio Polonara
Download or read book Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps written by Fabio Polonara and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.
Book Synopsis Integration of Trigeneration and CO2 Based Refrigeration Systems for Energy Conservation by : I. Nyoman Suamir
Download or read book Integration of Trigeneration and CO2 Based Refrigeration Systems for Energy Conservation written by I. Nyoman Suamir and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food retail with large supermarkets consumes significant amounts of energy. The environmental impact is also significant because of the indirect effect from CO2 emissions at the power stations and due to the direct effect arising from refrigerant leakage to the atmosphere. The application of trigeneration (local combined heat, power and refrigeration) can provide substantial improvements in the overall energy efficiency over the conventional supermarket energy approach of separate provision of electrical power and thermal energy. The use of natural refrigerants such as CO2 offers the opportunity to reduce the direct impacts of refrigeration compared to conventional systems employing HFC refrigerants that possess high global warming potential. One approach through which the overall energy efficiency can be increased and the environmental impacts reduced, is through the integration of trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration systems where the cooling generated by the trigeneration system is used to condense the CO2 refrigerant in a cascade arrangement. This research project investigates experimentally and theoretically, through mathematical modelling and simulation, such a system and its potential application to supermarkets. A small size CO2 refrigeration system for low and medium food temperature applications was designed and constructed to enable it to be integrated with an existing trigeneration system in the refrigeration laboratory at Brunel University to form an integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration test facility. Prior to the construction, the design of the system was investigated using mathematical models developed for this purpose. The simulations included the CO2 refrigeration system, CO2 evaporator coils and the integration of the trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration systems. The physical size of the design and component arrangement was also optimised in a 3D AutoCAD model. A series of experimental tests were carried out and the results showed that the medium temperature system could achieve a very good COP, ranging from 32 to 60 due to the low pumping power requirement of the liquid refrigerant. The low temperature system performed with average steady state COP of 4, giving an overall refrigeration system COP in the range between 5.5 and 6. Mathematical models were also developed to investigate the application of the integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration system in a case study supermarket. The models were validated against test results in the laboratory and manufacturers' data. The fuel utilisation efficiency and environmental impacts of different trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration arrangements were also evaluated. The results indicated that a system comprising of a sub-critical CO2 refrigeration system integrated with a trigeneration system consisting of a micro-turbine based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit and ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system could provide energy savings of the order of 15% and CO2 emission savings of the order of 30% compared to conventional supermarket energy systems. Employing a trigeneration system with a natural gas engine based CHP and Lithium Bromide-Water sorption refrigeration system, could offer energy savings of 30% and CO2 emission savings of 43% over a conventional energy system arrangement. Economic analysis of the system has shown a promising payback period of just over 3 years compared to conventional systems.
Book Synopsis Climate Science, Solutions and Services for Net Zero, Climate-Resilient Food Systems by : Pete Falloon
Download or read book Climate Science, Solutions and Services for Net Zero, Climate-Resilient Food Systems written by Pete Falloon and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-05-06 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food systems are both a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and are strongly impacted by climate change and weather extremes. Solutions to deliver net-zero food systems, therefore, need to take climate impacts, adaptation, and resilience into account in order to ensure they are appropriate in a changing climate and do not conflict with adaptation goals. In a similar way, adaptation options for the food system must consider potential trade-offs, consequences, and synergies with net-zero and other objectives such as the Sustainable Development Goals. Solutions for net-zero, climate-resilient food systems will therefore require systematic, interdisciplinary approaches across academia, governments, business, NGOs, and the public.
Book Synopsis An Analysis of the Global Warming Impact of Humboldt State University's Refrigerant Inventory by : Alex Eckert-Ross
Download or read book An Analysis of the Global Warming Impact of Humboldt State University's Refrigerant Inventory written by Alex Eckert-Ross and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With global warming potentials (GWP) in the thousands to tens of thousands of metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) and the possibility for substantial emissions associated with leaks of refrigerants used in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR) equipment, it is important for Humboldt State University (HSU) to document and report greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with refrigerant leaks. This study has collected data on HSU’s HVACR inventory, emphasizing the refrigerant types used, the charges of the equipment (i.e., the amounts of refrigerant in the systems), and the types of equipment. The data were aggregated into a model and paired with typical annual leak rate values for the respective equipment types. The corresponding amount of refrigerant lost through annual leaks was used to estimate a range of GHG emissions. The HSU campus likely emits between 57 and 429 MTCO2e annually through refrigerant leaks. This amounts to 1% to 5% of the total 2019 campus GHG emissions. Additionally, it is likely that refrigerated condensing units that use the refrigerant R-404a are the most significant contributor to these emissions. As HSU progresses towards its carbon neutrality goals and as the global community takes measures to eliminate some of the refrigerants used at HSU, it is increasingly important for the university to take action to better understand and eliminate the use of high-GWP refrigerants. Given the commercial availability of lower-GWP refrigerants, it is HSU’s responsibility to determine how to reduce this portion of its environmental impact.
Book Synopsis Decision-Making Models and Applications in Manufacturing Environments by : Pushpdant Jain
Download or read book Decision-Making Models and Applications in Manufacturing Environments written by Pushpdant Jain and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-02-20 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) has gained vast popularity for its ability to help make decisions in the presence of various similar and conflicting choices.This new volume applies the MCDM theory to solving problems and challenges in manufacturing environments. It discusses using MCDM computational methods to evaluate and select the most optimal solution or method for real-world, real-time manufacutring engineering issues. It details the decision-making process in relation materials selection; identification, assessment, and evaluation of risk; sustainability assessment; selection of green suppliers; and more. The chapter authors demonstrate the application of myriad MCDM techniques in decision-making, including MADM (multiple attribute decision-making), DEA (data envelopment analysis), fuzzy TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarities to ideal solution), fuzzy-VIKOR (multicriteria optimization and compromise solution); MOORA (multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis), EWM (entropy weight method), (AHP) analytic hierarchy process, TODIM (TOmada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio), and others. The volume illustrates these MCDM models in several industries and industrial processes, including for experimental analysis and optimization of drilling of glass fiber reinforced plastic, in the textile industries, for selection of refrigerants for domestic applications, and others.
Book Synopsis Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool by :
Download or read book Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial refrigeration systems are known to be prone to high leak rates and to consume large amounts of electricity. As such, direct emissions related to refrigerant leakage and indirect emissions resulting from primary energy consumption contribute greatly to their Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP). In this paper, an LCCP design tool is used to evaluate the performance of a typical commercial refrigeration system with alternative refrigerants and minor system modifications to provide lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant solutions with improved LCCP compared to baseline systems. The LCCP design tool accounts for system performance, ambient temperature, and system load; system performance is evaluated using a validated vapor compression system simulation tool while ambient temperature and system load are devised from a widely used building energy modeling tool (EnergyPlus). The LCCP design tool also accounts for the change in hourly electricity emission rate to yield an accurate prediction of indirect emissions. The analysis shows that conventional commercial refrigeration system life cycle emissions are largely due to direct emissions associated with refrigerant leaks and that system efficiency plays a smaller role in the LCCP. However, as a transition occurs to low GWP refrigerants, the indirect emissions become more relevant. Low GWP refrigerants may not be suitable for drop-in replacements in conventional commercial refrigeration systems; however some mixtures may be introduced as transitional drop-in replacements. These transitional refrigerants have a significantly lower GWP than baseline refrigerants and as such, improved LCCP. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the tradeoffs between refrigerant GWP, efficiency and capacity.
Book Synopsis Heat Recovery in Supermarket Refrigeration by : Johan Marigny
Download or read book Heat Recovery in Supermarket Refrigeration written by Johan Marigny and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the simultaneous needs for cooling and heating in supermarkets by a proper utilization of vapour compression systems is an interesting possibility for significant energy savings. This is a major issue considering supermarket refrigeration systems consume a large amount of energy. The environmental concerns and regulations attached to refrigeration applications forced the implementation of new system solutions where natural refrigerants have been widely used. This book includes an analytic comparison of conventional supermarket refrigeration systems using R404A with refrigeration system solutions using natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. This investigation points out the fact that systems running with natural refrigerants can compete with systems running with artificial refrigerants by using adequat heat recovery systems such as heat pump cascade, heat pump cascade for sub-cooling, fixed pressure system and de-superheater.
