The Image of the City

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262620017
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Image of the City by : Kevin Lynch

Download or read book The Image of the City written by Kevin Lynch and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1964-06-15 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic work on the evaluation of city form. What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller? To answer these questions, Mr. Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, formulates a new criterion—imageability—and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities. The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form. The architect, the planner, and certainly the city dweller will all want to read this book.

Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications by :

Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Shaping Jerusalem

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317289099
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Shaping Jerusalem by : Francesco Chiodelli

Download or read book Shaping Jerusalem written by Francesco Chiodelli and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shaping Jerusalem: Spatial planning, politics and the conflict focuses on a hidden facet of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; the relentless reshaping of the Holy City by the Israeli authorities through urban policies, spatial plans, infrastructural and architectural projects, land use and building regulations. From a political point of view, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict may appear to be at an impasse; however, it is precisely by looking at the city’s physical space that one can perceive that a war of cement and stone is under way. Many books have been written on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over Jerusalem; some of them have focused on the urban fabric; Shaping Jerusalem uniquely discusses the role of Israeli spatial actions within the conflict. It argues that Israel’s main political objective – control over the whole city – is ordinarily and silently pursued through physical devices which permanently modify the territory and the urban fabric. Relying on strong empirical evidence and data through the analysis of statistical data, official policies, urban projects, and laws, author Francesco Chiodelli substantiates the political discussion with facts and figures about the current territorial situation of the city, and about the Israeli policies implemented in the city in the past six decades.

Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications, Cumulative Index

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1366 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications, Cumulative Index by : United States. Superintendent of Documents

Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications, Cumulative Index written by United States. Superintendent of Documents and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 1366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Planning in the USA

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000905659
Total Pages : 1123 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Planning in the USA by : Roger W. Caves

Download or read book Planning in the USA written by Roger W. Caves and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-08-29 with total page 1123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensively revised and updated, Planning in the USA, fifth edition, continues to provide a comprehensive introduction to the policies, theory, and practice of planning. Outlining land use, urban planning, and environmental protection policies, this fully illustrated book explains the nature of the planning process and the way in which policy issues are identified, defined, and approached. The new edition incorporates new planning legislation and regulations at the state and federal layers of government and examples of local ordinances in a variety of planning areas. New material includes discussions of • education and equity in planning; • the City Beautiful Movement; • Daniel Burnham’s plan for Chicago; • segregation; • Knick v. Township of Scott; • reforming single-family zoning and regulatory challenges in zoning and land use; • Daniel Parolek’s ‘Missing Middle Housing’; • climate change, mitigation, adaptation, and resiliency; • the drinking water crisis in Flint, Michigan; • sharing programs for cars, bicycles, and scooters; • hybrid electric and autonomous vehicles; • Vision Zero; • COVID-19 relief for housing; • Innovation Districts, Promise Zones, and Opportunity Zones; • the sharing, gig, and creative economies; • scenic views and vistas, monuments, statues, and remembering the past; and • healthy cities, Health Impact Assessment, and active living. This detailed account of urbanization in the United States reveals the problematic nature and limitations of the planning process, the fallibility of experts, and the difficulties facing policy-makers in their search for solutions. Planning in the USA, fifth edition, is an essential book for students of urban planning, urban politics, environmental geography, and environment politics. It will be a valuable resource for planners and all who are concerned with the nature of contemporary urban and environmental problems.

Contemporary Urban Planning

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040047505
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Urban Planning by : John M. Levy

Download or read book Contemporary Urban Planning written by John M. Levy and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-17 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary Urban Planning, 12e provides students with an unvarnished and in‐depth introduction to the historic, economic, political, legal, ideological, and environmental factors affecting urban planning today. Planning is a highly political activity. Urban and regional planning decisions often involve large sums of money, both public and private, with the potential to deliver large benefits to some and losses to others. The extensively revised edition of this beloved text tackles the most pressing recent issues in urban development, including: current demographic, technological, and lifestyle changes and the possibility for a major turn toward reurbanization/urban revitalization after decades of decentralization; an expanded consideration of contemporary means of public participation in planning; the impact of contemporary social movements on planning, and the rising importance of social equity as a major planning objective; the affordable housing shortage facing cities in many large U.S. metropolitan areas; • making cities more adaptable to micro‐mobility; environmental goals and the role of planners in responding to global climate change, current public‐health challenges, and major environmental catastrophes; and the effect of varied applications of land use controls and other planning policies in different countries and under different political regimes, with case study examples from the UK, France, Eastern Europe, China, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This thoroughly updated new edition also benefits from resources to help classroom instruction, both in the text and online. These include discussion and multiple‐choice questions, and links for students to online supplemental readings, websites, and media sources. Contemporary Urban Planning is an essential resource for students, city planners, and all who are concerned with the nature of contemporary urban development problems. Cisit the Instructor and Student Resources: www.routledge.com/cw/levy

The Planning Bookshelf

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Planning Bookshelf by : Regional Plan Association (New York, N.Y.). Library

Download or read book The Planning Bookshelf written by Regional Plan Association (New York, N.Y.). Library and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Planning in the USA

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113453812X
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis Planning in the USA by : Barry Cullingworth

Download or read book Planning in the USA written by Barry Cullingworth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-06-01 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Planning in the USA is a comprehensive introduction to the policies, theory and practice of planning. Outlining land use, urban planning and environmental protection policies, this fully illustrated book explains the nature of the planning process and the way in which policy issues are identified, defined and approached. Offering a detailed account of urbanization in the USA, Barry Cullingworth reveals the problematic nature and limitations of the planning process, the fallibility of experts, and difficulties facing policy-makers in their search for solutions. Coverage includes: * Land Use Regulation * Transport, Housing and Community Development * Public Attitudes to Planning * Property Rights * Environmental Planning and Policies * Growth Management * Planning and Governance Barry Cullingworth's Planning in the USA is an essential book for students and planners and all who are concerned with the nature of contemporary urban and environmental problems.

Cowboy Andy

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Author :
Publisher : Random House Books for Young Readers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Cowboy Andy by : Edna Walker Chandler

Download or read book Cowboy Andy written by Edna Walker Chandler and published by Random House Books for Young Readers. This book was released on 1959 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A city boy learns how to be a cowboy.

Production Planning with Capacitated Resources and Congestion

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 107160354X
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (716 download)

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Book Synopsis Production Planning with Capacitated Resources and Congestion by : Hubert Missbauer

Download or read book Production Planning with Capacitated Resources and Congestion written by Hubert Missbauer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-26 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments in production planning. The monograph begins with an introductory chapter reviewing the need for these production planning models, that operate by determining time-phased releases of work into the facility or supply chain, relating these to the Manufacturing Planning and Control (MPC) and Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) frameworks, that form the basis of most academic research and industrial practice. The extensive body of work on Workload Control is also placed in this context, and proves the need for improved models with a discussion of the difficulties, these approaches encounter. The next two chapters present a detailed review of the state of the art in optimization models based on exogenous planned lead times, and examines the cases where these can take both integer and fractional values. The difficulties arising in estimating planned lead times are consistent with factory behavior which are highlighted, noting that many of these lead to non-convex optimization models. Attempts to address these difficulties by iterative multimodel approaches, that combine simulation and mathematical programming, are also discussed in detail. The next three chapters of the volume address the set of techniques developed using clearing functions, which represent the expected output of a resource in a planning period, as a function of the expected workload of the resource, during that period. The chapters on this subject propose a basic optimization model for multiple products, discuss the difficulties of this model and some possible solutions. It also reviews prior work, and discuss a number of alternative formulations of the clearing function concept with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Applications to lot sizing decisions and a number of other specific problems are also described. This volume concludes with an assessment of the state of the art described in the volume, and several directions for future work.

Research Reports

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 912 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Research Reports by : United States. Commission on Population Growth and the American Future

Download or read book Research Reports written by United States. Commission on Population Growth and the American Future and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Compromise Planning : A Theoretical Approach from a Distant Corner of Europe

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030943313
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Compromise Planning : A Theoretical Approach from a Distant Corner of Europe by : Louis C. Wassenhoven

Download or read book Compromise Planning : A Theoretical Approach from a Distant Corner of Europe written by Louis C. Wassenhoven and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the book is to elaborate a planning theory which departs from the plethora of theories which reflect the conditions of developed countries of the North-West. The empirical material of this effort is derived from a country, Greece, which sits on the edge between North-West and South-East, at the corner of Europe. No doubt, there is extensive international literature on planning theory in general from a bewildering variety of viewpoints. The interested professional or student of urban and regional planning is certainly aware of the dizzying flood of books, articles and research reports on planning theory and of their never-ending borrowing of obscure concepts from more respectable scientific disciplines, from mathematics to philosophy and from physics to economics, human geography and sociology. He or she probably observed that there is a growing interest in theoretical approaches from the viewpoint of the so-called “Global South”. The author of the present book has for many decades faced the impasse of attempting to transplant theories founded on the experience of the North-West to countries with a totally different historical, political, social and geographical background. He learned that the reality that planners face is unpredictable, patchy, and responsive to social processes, frequently of a very pedestrian nature. Planning strives to deal with private interests which planners are keen to envelop in a single “public interest”, which is extremely hard to define. The behaviour of the average citizen, far from being that of the neoclassical model of the homo economicus, is that of an individual, a kind of homo individualis, who interacts with the state and the public administration within a complex web of mutual dependence and negotiation. The state and its administrative apparatus, i.e., the key-determinants and fixers of urban and regional planning policy, bargain with this individual, offer inducements, exemptions, derogations and privileges, deviate unhesitatingly from their grand policy pronouncements, but still defend the rationality and comprehensiveness of the planning system they have legislated and operationalized. It is by and large a successful modus vivendi, but only thanks to a constant practice of compromise. Hence, the term compromise planning, which the author coined as an alternative to all the existing theoretical forms of planning. This is the sort of planning, and of the accompanying theory, with which he deals in this book. It is the outcome of experience and knowledge accumulated in a long personal journey of academic teaching in England and Greece, research, and professional involvement.

A Guide to Hospital Administration and Planning

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811966923
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis A Guide to Hospital Administration and Planning by : Dinesh Bhatia

Download or read book A Guide to Hospital Administration and Planning written by Dinesh Bhatia and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-05 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of work by experts from the different domains of the healthcare industry, ranging from hospital planning to quality management, clinical services to disaster management.Healthcare organizations, being diverse, sensitive, and intricate, warrant thorough and flawless planning. The structure should be not only operationally efficient but also safe for its occupants and visitors. It starts with a brief introduction of the healthcare sector at different levels. It also attempts to justify how the changing healthcare landscape paved the way for establishing a contemporary and ever-evolving specialty of Hospital planning and designing, which is dynamic and frequently requires continuous improvements and updates. Clinical and non-clinical departments have been separately classified in this book, and their respective standards and guidelines have been incorporated while describing the planning concepts. Critical areas of a hospital such as ICU, CCU have been detailed precisely as the operational requirements and level of different sophistication required. A chapter on security aspects and disaster management has also been thoroughly envisioned based on the current scenario at the global level. Issues and management of Hospital Acquired Infection are explained in different chapters based on its relevance and application in that particular area.

Tax Planning and Compliance for Tax-Exempt Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119541026
Total Pages : 1080 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Tax Planning and Compliance for Tax-Exempt Organizations by : Jody Blazek

Download or read book Tax Planning and Compliance for Tax-Exempt Organizations written by Jody Blazek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-22 with total page 1080 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to handling the challenges facing tax-exempt organizations, written by a leading authority Tax Planning and Compliance for Tax-Exempt Organizations, Sixth Edition ensures that you have the practical knowledge to handle critical tax situations. This book provides guidance for the significant issues facing nonprofit organizations. It’s an essential guide to navigating the complexities of nonprofit tax rules and regulations. Packed with checklists and suggestions starting with Exhibit 1.1, Organizations Reference Chart and Exhibit 1.2, Suitability for Tax-Exempt Status, this guide helps anyone that creates, advises, or manages a nonprofit organization. Now, you can better understand the requirements for various categories of tax-exempt organizations: public charities, private foundations, civic associations, business leagues, and social clubs, as well as title-holding companies and governmental entities. You’ll discover practical guidance on the issue of potentially owing income tax on revenue-producing enterprises. Clear explanations cover the many exceptions to taxability. Tax issues related to internet activity, advertising, publishing, services, and much more are all addressed in this tax planning guide designed specifically for nonprofit and tax-exempt nonprofit organizations. Use extensive quick checklists that cover tax-exempt eligibility, reporting to the IRS, and tax compliance Find detailed instructions for submitting a variety of exemption applications and tax forms See sample documents, such as organizational bylaws, letters of application, and completed IRS forms Refer to tools and practice aids, such as a comparison chart summarizing the differences between public and private charitable organizations Written by one of the leading authorities in the field, the book also delves into recent tax law changes affecting nonprofits and other tax-exempt organizations. This indispensable guide can offer direction and support if you are challenged to successfully navigate the complex maze of nonprofit tax rules and regulations.

An Introduction to Project Modeling and Planning

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030614239
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Project Modeling and Planning by : Gündüz Ulusoy

Download or read book An Introduction to Project Modeling and Planning written by Gündüz Ulusoy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-05 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook teaches the basic concepts and methods of project management but also explains how to convert them to useful results in practice. Project management offers a promising working area for theoretical and practical applications, and developing software and decision support systems (DSS). This book specifically focuses on project planning and control, with an emphasis on mathematical modeling. Models and algorithms establish a good starting point for students to study the relevant literature and support pursuing academic work in related fields. The book provides an introduction to theoretical concepts, and it also provides detailed explanations, application examples, and case studies that deal with real-life problems. The chapter topics include questions that underlie critical thinking, interpretation, analytics, and making comparisons. Learning outcomes are defined and the content of the book is structured following these goals. Chapter 1 begins by introducing the basic concepts, methods, and processes of project management. This Chapter constitutes the base for defining and modeling project management problems. Chapter 2 explores the fundamentals of organizing and managing projects from an organization’s perspective. Issues related to project team formation, the role of project managers, and organization types are discussed. Chapter 3 is devoted to project planning and network modeling of projects, covering fundamental concepts such as project scope, Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS), Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS), project network modeling, activity duration, and cost estimating, activity-based costing (ABC), data and knowledge management. Chapter 4 introduces deterministic scheduling models, which can be used in constructing the time schedules. Models employing time-based and finance-based objectives are introduced. The CPM is covered. The unconstrained version of maximizing Net Present Value (NPV) is also treated here together with the case of time-dependent cash flows. Chapter 5 focuses on the time/cost trade-off problem, explaining how to reduce the duration of some of the activities and therefore reduce the project duration at the expense of additional costs. This topic is addressed for both continuous and discrete cases. Chapter 6 discusses models and methods of scheduling under uncertain activity durations. PERT is introduced for minimizing the expected project duration and extended to the PERT-Costing method for minimizing the expected project cost. Simulation is presented as another approach for dealing with the uncertainty in activity durations and costs. To demonstrate the use of the PERT, a case study on constructing an earthquake-resistant residential house is presented. Classifications of resource and schedule types are given in Chapter 7, and exact and heuristic solution procedures for the single- and multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) are presented. The objective of maximizing NPV under resource constraints is addressed, and the capital-constrained project scheduling model is introduced. In Chapter 8, resource leveling, and further resource management problems are introduced. Total adjustment cost and resource availability cost problems are introduced. Various exact models are investigated. A heuristic solution procedure for the resource leveling problem is presented in detail. Also, resource portfolio management policies and the resource portfolio management problem are discussed. A case study on resource leveling dealing with the annual audit project of a major corporation is presented. Project contract types and payment schedules constitute the topics of Chapter 9. Contracts are legal documents reflecting the results of some form of client-contractor negotiations and sometimes of a bidding process, which deserve closer attention. Identification and allocation of risk in contracts, project control issues, disputes, and resolution management are further topics covered in this Chapter. A bidding model is presented to investigate client-contractor negotiations and the bidding process from different aspects. Chapter 10 focuses on processes and methods for project monitoring and control. Earned Value Management is studied to measure the project performance throughout the life of a project and to estimate the expected project time and cost based on the current status of the project. How to incorporate inflation into the analysis is presented. In Chapter 11, qualitative and quantitative techniques including decision trees, simulation, and software applications are introduced. Risk phases are defined and building a risk register is addressed. An example risk breakdown structure is presented. The design of risk management processes is introduced, and risk response planning strategies are discussed. At the end of the Chapter, the quantitative risk analysis is demonstrated at the hand of a team discussion case study. Chapter 12 covers several models and approaches dealing with various stochastic aspects of the decision environment. Stochastic models, generation of robust schedules, use of reactive and fuzzy approaches are presented. Sensitivity and scenario analysis are introduced. Also, simulation analysis, which is widely used to analyze the impacts of uncertainty on project goals, is presented. Chapter 13 addresses repetitive projects that involve the production or construction of similar units in batches such as railway cars or residential houses. Particularly in the construction industry repetitive projects represent a large portion of the work accomplished in this sector of the economy. A case study on the 50 km section of a motorway project is used for demonstrating the handling of repetitive project management. How best to select one or more of a set of candidate projects to maintain a project portfolio is an important problem for project-based organizations with limited resources. The project selection problem is inherently a multi-objective problem and is treated as such in Chapter 14. Several models and solution techniques are introduced. A multi-objective, multi-period project selection and scheduling model is presented. A case study that addresses a project portfolio selection and scheduling problem for the construction of a set of dams in a region is presented. Finally, Chapter 15 discusses three promising research areas in project management in detail: (i) Sustainability and Project Management, (ii) Project Management in the Era of Big Data, and (iii) the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the New Age Project Management. We elaborate on the importance of sustainability in project management practices, discuss how developments in data analytics might impact project life cycle management, and speculate how the infinite possibilities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the new technologies will transform project management practices.

ASPO Newsletter

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis ASPO Newsletter by : American Society of Planning Officials

Download or read book ASPO Newsletter written by American Society of Planning Officials and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030662527
Total Pages : 13623 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance by : Ali Farazmand

Download or read book Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance written by Ali Farazmand and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-05 with total page 13623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This global encyclopedic work serves as a comprehensive collection of global scholarship regarding the vast fields of public administration, public policy, governance, and management. Written and edited by leading international scholars and practitioners, this exhaustive resource covers all areas of the above fields and their numerous subfields of study. In keeping with the multidisciplinary spirit of these fields and subfields, the entries make use of various theoretical, empirical, analytical, practical, and methodological bases of knowledge. Expanded and updated, the second edition includes over a thousand of new entries representing the most current research in public administration, public policy, governance, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations, and management covering such important sub-areas as: 1. organization theory, behavior, change and development; 2. administrative theory and practice; 3. Bureaucracy; 4. public budgeting and financial management; 5. public economy and public management 6. public personnel administration and labor-management relations; 7. crisis and emergency management; 8. institutional theory and public administration; 9. law and regulations; 10. ethics and accountability; 11. public governance and private governance; 12. Nonprofit management and nongovernmental organizations; 13. Social, health, and environmental policy areas; 14. pandemic and crisis management; 15. administrative and governance reforms; 16. comparative public administration and governance; 17. globalization and international issues; 18. performance management; 19. geographical areas of the world with country-focused entries like Japan, China, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Eastern Europe, North America; and 20. a lot more. Relevant to professionals, experts, scholars, general readers, researchers, policy makers and manger, and students worldwide, this work will serve as the most viable global reference source for those looking for an introduction and advance knowledge to the field.